Bulgarian History up to the 12th century through the view of the ancient authors

Българска история до XII век през погледа на старите автори Николай Иванов Колев Времетраене: 22:01 мин. Българска старина Георги Стойков Раковски Времетраене: 8:19 мин. Силата на наричането Мирослава Митева Времетраене: 0:58 мин. Аз, която не познах мъжете Жаклин Харпман Времетраене: 1:23 мин. Надхитри мозъка си Даниел Т. Уилингам Времетраене: 1:09 мин. По същото време следващото лято Аннабел Монахан Времетраене: 1:14 мин. Ленорман - ръководство и гадателски карти Тони Сейвъри, Чиро Марчети Времетраене: 1:14 мин. Лятото на нарушените правила К. Л. Уолтър Времетраене: 1:09 мин. Лято в Ню Йорк Алекс Астър Времетраене: 1:18 мин. Супервдъхновени Адам Дорси Времетраене: 1:01 мин. Обича ме, не се обичам Катрин Сентър Времетраене: 1:12 мин. Митотворците Тамзин Мърчант Времетраене: 1:17 мин.

Third supplemented edition. The purpose I pursue with this book is to compare the information that has come down to us from old writers and to draw some conclusions about the people who spread the Bulgarian state to the Balkans, without resorting to the numerous contemporary books that I have read and that fill my library. I do this not out of disrespect for the tremendous work of contemporary Bulgarian writers and historians, but out of a desire to make an independent assessment of events and to draw my own conclusions about the relationship and sequence of events and their consequences by reading only older authors.

I hope the book will find a place in the library of an educated and unbiased Bulgarian, to serve him as a reference book of information from old authors that have come down to us, about various events in the European history. It can also be a valuable reference for schoolchildren, students, researchers and teachers.

"In numerous conversations with my children who grew up in Germany, questions like "Who are we, the Bulgarians, and who created the Bulgarian state?" always came up. My children are intelligent and over the years it became clear that what I had learned at school, although I was always an excellent student, was not enough to answer these seemingly easy questions. Between 1944 and 1990 there was a chronic shortage of truth in Bulgaria, not that it was lacking, but somehow it did not reach us. After 1990, we experienced an explosion of historical publications, many of which expressed a fascination with the freedom to publish, which was lacking before, rather than the ability to think analytically before publishing. Over time this too has changed, a new generation of historians is now working and publishing and many of them think history textbooks should be re-written, but this is not yet happening. So, I remain indebted to my children with the answers to the above two questions, and while I'm still breathing, I wish I could change that situation.

The object which I pursue in the present book is to collate the information which has come down to us from the old writers, and to draw some conclusions concerning the people who extended the Bulgarian state into the Balkans, without the benefit of the numerous modern books which I have read, and which fill my library. This I do not out of lack of respect for the immense work of modern Bulgarian literary men and historians, but out of a desire to make an independent assessment of events and independent conclusions about the interconnectedness and sequence of events and their consequences, reading only the old authors.

By old authors I mean contemporaries of the events or those who described them after them. Such, for example, are the authors who wrote in Greek in Byzantium and in Latin in the Western Roman Empire. Authors working 100-200 years or more after the events being described often use older authors. However, they also tell us what the relationship is between events and life in the old and more recent times. Contemporaries are better informed in detail, and later authors have a better view of the general context of events and their outcomes. This is a very important source of information to orient one among the many different events and the names of the peoples involved in them.

Dear reader, allow me in this place to mention that I do not write a history, it is written with the actions of our ancestors. My modest task is to collect and arrange what is known in such order that you can create your own idea of Bulgaria's past. I am aware of the risk of this endeavor and ask for leniency.

In writing this book, I sought to greatly avoid assumptions about events for which we do not have credible information. In writing this book, I sought to greatly avoid assumptions about events for which we do not have credible information.

The method used to write this book is this: first, after reading the sources quoted in Chapter 40, I made samples that relate to Bulgarian history. This required a revision of the individual chapters to put the events in the right context and interlinks with each other. This was the most interesting part of the work.

Chapter 37 provides brief information about Tsarigrad (Constantinople). They are necessary in order to better understand the numerous unsuccessful attempts of the Bulgarians to take over this city.

Chapter 38 presents information on the measurement unites used by the old authors and their translation into the measurement unites used today. An important part of this chapter is also the section on chronologies used by various authors. Very often events are dated with the given year of the reign of one Roman emperor or another. That is why a table of East Roman emperors is provided, making it easier to check the dates. In the dating based on astronomical phenomena, which is by the way the most accurate, I have used the tables of the American Astronautical Agency.

The quoted text of the old authors is always in quotation marks. I use brackets in such text to introduce my own clarifications, without indicating that these are the author's notes. Chapter 40 contains the literature cited. The citation of sources in a book is most often followed by two numbers, one denoting the volume number and the other the page number. When the volume is a single volume, only the page is indicated. The years after the birth of Christ are given only by a number only. The years before the birth of Christ are given by a number followed by BC.

The spelling of personal names varies across linguistic traditions. This should not disturb us. I will preserve the original record in the quotations in order not to alter their originality, but in my text I will use names related to the Bulgarian linguistic tradition.

The book ends with information about the uprising of Asen and Peter and the liberation of Bulgaria from Byzantine rule.

I hope the book will find a place in the library of the educated and open-minded Bulgarian, to serve him as a reference for information from the old authors who have reached us about various events in our history. It can also be a valuable reference material for pupils, students, researchers, and teachers.
Nikolay Ivanov Kolev (Gutev), 1.1.2015, Herzogenaurah, Germany"
Из книгата

Роден в Габрово, Николай Иванов Колев израства в скромно семейство. Баща му е учител по физика, а майка му текстилна работничка. След като завършва и преминава периода на казармата, Колев започва да върви по стъпките на баща си и дори надминава постиженията му. През годините Николай Колев следва кариера на професионален учен. А с поставянето на ясно определена цел, естествено, идва и успеха. През 1988 г. Колев става доктор на техническите науки в България. След удостояване с Хумболтова стипендия работи в Центъра за ядрени изследвания в Карлсруе през 1984 - 1985 г. След удостояване с награда на Университета в Кобе през 1990 за кратко време е гост-професор в този университет. От 1992 г. започва работа като старши експерт в компания Сименс, където е началник отдел до края на професионалната си кариера.

През периода от 1977 г. до 2014 г. създава около 30 технически изобретения, публикува около 300 научни труда, между които и монографията в 5 тома, издадена от издателство Шпрингер на английски: Динамика на многофазните потоци. Друга част от научните публикации са от света на историята: Българска история до XII век през погледа на старите автори, Кубрат, Отнесени от източния вихър, Учителите на българите и други.

ГУТА-Н
Габрово, 5300
ул. Никола Войновски № 26, вх. Б
nikolay.kolev@herzovision.de

Foreword

• A word of praise for Gancho Tsenov
• Works of Gancho Tsenov (1870 - 1949)

A little geophysics and genetics
A Brief Guide to the Events Leading to the Expansion of the Bulgarian State in the Balkans
The peoples who expanded Bulgaria into the Balkans were the Huns

• Kubrat 604 - 664
• Great Bulgaria. The Bulgarians are the Unogundurs and Kotragi, who are a Hunnic people
• From Thrace to Hindu Kush and back to the Caucasus and Thrace
• The Cimmerian brothers Utigur and Kutrigur
• Bulgarians are descendants of Achilles' Myrmidons
• The Bulgarians are the descendants of the Peonians, who are the descendants of Achilles' Myrmidons
• From Galata to Crimea, the Bosphorus Empire
• The livelihood of myrmidons
• From Galata to Central and Western Europe
• Achilles' father - ruler of myrmidons and dolopes, the Dulo clan
• Romans conquer Peonia in Epirus, migration of survivors along the Middle Danube, Pannonia is "relocated" Peonia
• Masageti or Besigeti - Huns - Bulgarians
• Sarmatians - Huns - Bulgarians
• The relationship between ancient Scythians, Getae, Huns and Bulgarians
• The relationship between the ancient Scythians and the Parthians - today's Persians
• The relationship between ancient Scythians with Bactria and Sogdiana
• Hunnu
• Khazars and Bulgarians, Khazar state
• 4th century BC to the 7th century, the language of the Khazars
• Fall of Sogdiana in 565. Resettlement of Euthalites in Khazaria and Bulgaria
• Relocation of Great Bulgaria to the West and South under the pressure of Khazaria
• Geographical location of Khazaria
• State structure of Khazaria
• Judaism in Khazaria
• Khazaria, Bulgaria and Byzantium
• End of the Khazar state
• Or in the summary

The Getae or Goths before the reign of Attila

• Thracians - Getae - Dacians, Goths: Besi-Goths, Ostro-Goths, Vandals, Gepids - Slavs
• How did the Getae become Goths and the Goths Slavs?
• The Getae are not Germans, therefore the Goths are not Germans
• Getae migrations to the Baltic and their return
• Legends about the origin of the Huns from the Getae
• Before the Trojan War in 1183 BC
• Trojan War, a war between Thracians and Greeks in coalition with other Thracians in 1183 BC
• The defeat of the Cyrus Persians at in 530 BC
• Migration of the Thracians from Asia to Etruria under King Cyrus
• The defeat of the Persians at Cyrus in 530 BC
• Migration of the Mysians, called Bolgi, from Thrace to Ireland under Cyrus
• Darius' campaign against the Getae in 513-512 BC
• Xerxes' failed attempt to finish the work of Darius in 480 BC
• Perdiccas II, Philip the Great, Alexander the Great and the Getae in 432-323 BC
• The successor of Alexander the Great and the Getae
• Burevista and the Romans
• The poet Ovid's account of the population of the Black Sea in the vicinity of the Danube around the Nativity of Christ
• Trajan, Gallienus, Aurelian and the Getae
• About the culture of the old Geth
• Return of the Ostrogoths to the Balkans
• Summary of the Gothic invasions of the Balkans from 238 to 337
• Old authors on the Gothic invasions of the Balkans from 238 to 337
• Constantine the Great and the Goths, the religion of the Goths became the state religion
• Neighbours of the Goths
• Civil war in the Gothic state
• The Huns conquer the Ostrogoths
• Visigoths settle in Mysia and become Christians
• The Wesegoths revolt. Death of Emperor Valens on 9 August 378
• Theodosius' war with the Visigoths and the treaty with them
• The Fate Of The Bessigetaes: From Constantinople, through Thessaly, Hellas, and Hadria to Rome (395 - 410)
• The Besigites conquered Rome on 24 August 410, 1163 years after its foundation
• The Besigetaes Settled In Gaul, Then In Spain, And Founded Their Own Principality
• The Pogrom against the Arian Goths in Thessalonica shortly after 413

Huns-Bulgarians, the Empire of Attila

• Who is Attila?
• Joint reign of Bleda and Attila
• Attila, wars
• Envoys, capital of Attila, conspiracy against him
• Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, 451
• The Death of Attila
• The heritage of Attila
• The Battle of the Nations in Pannonia at the River Neda
• The Gepids settle in Dacia
• Huns, Alans and other peoples settle this side of the Danube
• Minor Goths inhabit the Nikopol area
• And which peoples remained or settled in Pannonia?
• Relations between the Huns and Persia
• The wars of 305 - 313
• The wars in 395
• The wars of Hedigerd II in 438 - 457
• The wars of Peroz with the Huns in 459 - 484
• Christianity in Persian Lasika in 526, a new Hunnic intervention in Asia
• Boa, Persian princess and queen of the Huns
• Whether Irnik and Wallach are not the same person?

Ostrogoths and Bulgarians after the death of Attila

• The Ostrogoths ravage Illyricum. Theodoric - hostage in Constantinople
• Ostrogoths war again with Huns, death of Valamir
• Ostrogoths at war with Germanic peoples, the return of Theodoric from Constantinople
• The First Battle of Theodoric the Great in 472
• The Ostrogoths settled within Illyricum, Macedonia and Thessaly
• Theodorich Tiudimirov in Mysia
• Goths in their quest for power in Constantinople
• Who is Mundo?
• The Goths take over Sirmium
• War against Sabinian in 505, Mundo in alliance with Theodoric the Great
• Ode to the Bravery of Goths and Bulgarians
• Theodoric reigned in Italy and Spain
• After the death of Theodoric the Great Mundo switched to the side of Byzantium in 529
• Suppression of the Nika rebellion in 532

Early Christianity in the Balkans; Bulgarian alphabet; Religious wars

• Paul the Apostle
• The Greeks and early Christianity
• Spread of Christianity in the Balkans
• Christianity under the Huns?
• Constantine the Great and the Council of Nicaea
• The Council of Sofia, splitting the churches
• Julian the Apostate
• Linear A - Linear B - Glagolitsa
• Coptic alphabet - Cyrillic alphabet
• Phoenician-Etruscan alphabet - Greek, Latin alphabet
• The Alphabet of the Getae, the Genius of Urfil
• Christianity on the northern coast of the Black Sea
• The struggle of the Greeks against the Arians
• The Religious Civil War, Vitalian
• Comes Marcellinus on the rebellion of Vitalian
• Theophanes the Confessor on the rebellion of Vitalian
• John Malala on the rebellion of Vitalian
• John of Antioch on the rebellion of Vitalian
• Georgi Kedrin and Ioan Skilitsa on the rebellion of Vitalian
• Attempt to convert the Bosporan Bulgarians
• Archdiocese First Justiniana
• The Life of Justinian, written in Illyrian with Illyrian letters
• Justinian's Novella of 14 April 535
• The Novella of Justinian of 17 March 545
• Summary of events leading to the creation of Justinian Prima
• International Recognition of Justinian Prima
• Transfer of Christianity to Russia
• Questionnaire

Justinian's policy towards Kutriguri and Utiguri and the Pannonian Hun-Avars

• Goths ask Justinian for a bishop in 548, envoys
• Civil war in Great Bulgaria between Kutriguri and Utiguri
• The march of the Kutrigurian ruler Zabergan through Thrace to Constantinople in 548
• The Kutrigurs fought at Chersonesos and in Hellas
• Slav allies of Zabergan. Their attacks in 548, 549 and 550
• Again a quarrel between Kutriguri and Utiguri provoked by Justinian
• Pannonian Hun-Avars, conquerors of Gepids, Kutrigurs and Utigurs

Avars and Bulgarians: avaro-bulgarian alliance

• Ogori, Hun, Wari, Avari, Bayowari
• The barbarians defeated the Severians in 464 and drove them from their lands
• Bulgarians are at latest from the 4th century in the Balkans
• The Avars were a Hunnic and Bulgarian people by descent. Settlement in Mysia
• Avars subjugate Utigurs and Kutrigurs
• Settlement of Bulgarians and Avars in Pannonia
• Other peoples from Hun and Var joined the Avars in Pannonia
• The First Avar War against Byzantium in 539 - 545
• Chalcidian War in 539
• Constantinople War in 542 - 543
• Slavic attack on Niš 550
• The Second Avar War against Byzantium in 558 - 559
• Sensation for the Byzantine public - Avar delegation in Constantinople
• Avars and Slavs
• Settlement of the Peloponnese with Slavs in 581 - 585. The Avar war against the Slavs of the Transdanubia in 578 - 582
• Avars take over Sirmium
• Preparing for war in 578
• Bayan buys time with negotiations to complete Sava bridge
• Emperor's failed attempt to make peace with Bayan
• The Empire lost Sirmium in 582
• Permanent settlement of Slavs in the Peloponnese in 582
• First attack on Thessaloniki by Slavs led by Hatsun in 582
• Conquest of Augusta, a fortress at the mouth of the Ogosta River, west of Oryahovo and Viminacium, in 582
• Conquest of Singidunum in 583
• Conquest of Anchialos in 584
• Invasion of the Slavs to the Long Wall in 581 - 584
• Second attack on Thessaloniki by Avars, Bulgarians and Slavs in 584
• Third attack on Thessaloniki in 586 - reconnaissance campaign
• Conquest of Bononia (Vidin) in 587
• The return of the Avars to present-day Northern Bulgaria in 587
• Re-invasion of the Avars in Thrace and their defeat in 587
• Near Adrianople to Constantinople in 592
• Priscus' campaign against the Slavs across the Danube in 593
• Bulgarians near Nove, today Svishtov, defeat in 597 Roman legion
• The commander Priscus replaces Peter and marches across the Danube in 597
• Conquest of Dalmatia in 599 by the Avars, arrival of the Croats in Dalmatia
• Turks around the Alps? What are these Turks, and do they have anything at all in common with the Altaic Turks?
• Avar and Roman troops at Tomi in 600
• Mauricius orders Comentiolus to hand over the rebellious Roman army to the Avars. Awars again in Thrace in 600
• The defeat of the Avars at Viminacium in 601
• War of the Avars and Romans against the Slavs in 602
• Fourth attack on Thessaloniki in 602 by the awars
• The treacherous deed of the Avar Khagan in 619
• Peace with the Avars and campaign against Persia in 621 - 622
• Western Slavs take advantage of the Avars' campaign against Constantinople in 623
• March of Avars, Bulgarians and Slavs against Constantinople in 626
• Description of Patriarch Nikephoros
• Description according to "The Paschal Chronicle"
• Description of Theophanes the Confessor
• Bulgarians fought their independence from the Avars
• Unsuccessful attempt of the Bulgarians to take the Avar throne in 632
• The successful uprising of Kubrat in 634
• The relationship between Croats and Bulgarians
• Settlement of Bulgarians in Italy in 663
• Fifth attack on Thessaloniki by Slavs in 645 - 647
• The uprising of Kuber against the Avars and the expansion of Bulgaria to the Bitola field after 679. Sixth attack on Thessaloniki
• Avars and Bulgarians in Pannonia and their western neighbours
• Langobards and Bulgarians
• Franks and Avars
• The war of the Arabs against Constantinople in 673 - 680
• Peace between Avars and Byzantines in 680
• The Franks fought a devastating war with the Avars under Charlemagne in 791 - 799
• Fortification of the Avar capital
• Bulgarians completely destroyed the Avars under Krum in 803 - 814

Communications of the old authors about the Bulgarians in the Balkans

• Introduction
• The oldest records of Bulgarians in Europe
• The Trojan War
• The Macedonians, the greatest propagators of Hellenic culture, are not Greeks but Thracians, descendants of the Pelasgians
• Formation of Getae and Hun ethnic groups around the time of Alexander
• Philip and Alexander of Macedonia, Thrako-Illyrians rejected to the Ocean
• The Gauls return from the Ocean to the Balkans and Asia Minor
• The Legends of the Origin of the Bulgarians, recorded by Spyridon of Gabrovo
• Gods of the Bulgarians before Christianity recorded by Dobri Voynikov
• The oldest records of the Bulgarians in Asia
• The First Century
• The Second Century
• The Third Century
• The Fourth Century
• The Fifth Century
• Bulgarians living in Thrace and threatened Constantinople in 447
• Bulgarian army recruited against the Goths in 488
• Bulgaria controlled the area from the Tisza River to Kiev after 491
• War of Byzantium for the liberation of Thrace from the Bulgarians. Major victory of the Bulgarian army near the Cherna River in 495 - 499
• Bulgarians settle in Italy
• The Sixth Century
• Massive Bulgarian invasion of the Balkans in 501 - 503
• Bulgarians and Goths jointly fought under Vitalian against Byzantium in 513 - 518
• 12 000 Bulgarian cavalry came from Great Bulgaria to Pannonia in 526
• Battles between Bulgarians and Byzantines at the Yantra River in 535
• Mundo captured the city of Salona in 536 for Byzantium
• War of Avaria and Bulgaria against Byzantium in 539
• Mundo passes into the service of Byzantium as governor of Illyricum. Resistance of the Bulgarian population in 540
• Boris inflicts a final defeat on Justinian and forces him to pay tribute in 540
• The death of Mundo, after 540
• Byzantium attacked the Gothic state in Italy with Bulgarian soldiers in 548
• Bulgarians and Lombards in 550 - 568
• Large-scale military actions of Bulgarians against Constantinople before 582
• The Avars came to Europe from Great Bulgaria and were a Hunnic and Bulgarian people
• Participation of the Bulgarians in the Avar-Bulgarian war against Byzantium between 597 and 601
• Seventh Century, the last joint attack on Constantinople by Avars, Bulgars, Gepids, Slavs and Persians in 625

Expansion of Bulgaria in Lower Mysia in 680

• The Narrative of Patriarch Nikephoros
• The Narrative of Theophanes the Confessor
• The Narrative of Anastasius the Librarian
• Information from the Annals of Manasiy
• Information of Simeon Logothete
• Information of Leo Deacon
• The 10th Century account of the Khazar Kagan Joseph

Kuber
Asparuh 633 - 694

• Asparuh and Kuber defending what they conquered against Justinian II in Illyria and Thrace in 688
• The Narrative of Siegebert
• The narrative of Georgi Kedrin and Ioan Skilitsa
• The Narrative of Anastasius the Librarian
• The Narrative of Patriarch Nikephoros
• The Narrative of Theophanes the Confessor
• The Narrative of Paisii Hilendarski
• Mauricea. Bulgarians fought on Muhammad's side in 693
• The Narrative of Patriarch Nikephoros
• The Narrative of Anastasius the Librarian
• The Narrative of Leo the Grammarian
• The Narrative of Theophanes the Confessor
• Paisiy Hilendarski's account of the death of Asparuh in 694

Tervel 694 - 715

• Tervel returned Justinian to the throne in 705
• The Narrative of Paul Deacon
• The Narrative of Patriarch Nikephoros
• The Narrative of Theophanes the Confessor
• The Narrative of Anastasius the Librarian
• References of other authors
• Justinian Rinomet breaks peace with the Bulgarians, Bulgarian victory at Anchialos in 708
• Tervel in vain sent military aid to Justinian II in 711
• Tervel at the Golden Gate in 712
• Arabs besieged Constantinople in 715
• Attempted coup of deposed emperor Artemius who asks Tervel for help 715. Thessaloniki is under Bulgarian rule
• Byzantium's request for help against the Arabs 715
• Peace treaty between Bulgaria and Byzantium signed between 715 and 717
• A scary winter in 717
• The Bulgarians defeated the Muslim Arabs who besieged Constantinople in 715 - 718

Kormisosh 712 - 760, Vineh 753 - 760
Unknown ruler 714 - 742 of the Dulo clan
Sevar 744 - 759

• Bulgarians at the Long Wall. First campaign of Constantine V Compronimus against Bulgaria in 754 - 756
• Second campaign of Constantine V Copronymus against the Slavinians in Macedonia in 758 - 759
• Third unsuccessful campaign of Constantine V Copronymus in Bulgaria in 759 - 760

Telets 760 - 763 and his ill-fated war with Byzantium in 763

• Black Sea freezes from extraordinary cold 762/763
• Civil war in Bulgaria. Slavs left the Bulgarian lands en masse. Fourth campaign of Constantine V against Bulgaria. Defeat of the Bulgarian army at Anchialos on 30 June 763
• The Narrative of Patriarch Nikephoros
• The Narrative of Anastasius the Librarian
• The Narrative of Theophanes the Confessor

Sabin 762 - 763 and his flight to Byzantium

• The Narrative of Anastasius the Librarian
• The Narrative of Theophanes the Confessor
• The Narrative of Patriarch Nikephoros

Pagan (Boyan) 764 - 765

• Policy of Byzantium towards the Slavs
• Constantine V's fifth and sixth campaigns against Bulgaria in 764 and 765
• The Narrative of Anastasius the Librarian
• The Narrative of Patriarch Nikephoros
• The Narrative of Theophanes the Confessor
• Great drought in 767

Tellerig 770 - 778

• Constantine V's seventh campaign by land and sea against Bulgaria in January 774. Terrible defeat of the Byzantine army at Aheloy
• Unsuccessful attempt by Tellerig to bring the Berzites to Northern Bulgaria in October 774
• Eighth naval campaign of Constantine V against Bulgaria in 775
• Ninth naval campaign of Constantine V against Bulgaria in 775 - 776
• Tellerig abdicated the throne and moved to Constantinople in 777

Kardam 778 - 807

• Slavs in Greece became taxpayers of Byzantium in 783
• Byzantium restored its authority over Zagora in 784
• The Byzantines suffered defeat by the Bulgarians at the Struma River in 789
• The Byzantines suffered defeat by the Bulgarians at Provat in 791
• The Byzantines suffered defeat by the Bulgarians at Markeli in 792
• Constantine VI refused to pay tribute to the Bulgarians in 796
• Akamir, the prince of the Slavs, prepares a plot against Empress Irene
• Franks and Avars at the time of Charlemagne and Kardam

Krum 807 - 814

• Destruction of the Avar state. Krum's Laws
• Nikephoros set out against the Bulgarians in 807
• Charlemagne ultimately defeats the Avars
• Krum's successful march to the Struma valley in 809
• Krum conquered Serdica in 809. Nikephoros displaces Romans in Slavic areas
• Byzantium made peace with the Franks in 811. War between Franconia and Bulgaria
• The atrocities of Nicephorus and the victory of Krum in 811
• The Narrative of Theophanes the Confessor
• Anonymous Vatican Narrative
• The Continuator of Theophanes
• The Fate of Stavrakius
• Michael I Rangave's refusal to accept Krum's second peace proposal in 811. Krum captures Mesembria
• Krum conquered Debelt in 812. The Romans leave the Thracian fortresses
• Krum inscriptions
• The Bulgarians conquer Adrianople on 22 June 813
• The Byzantines want help from the Franks against the Bulgarians
• Krum besieges Constantinople on 19 July 813
• Assassination attempt on Krum during peace negotiations in late July 813
• Krum devastates Thrace
• The conquest of Adrianople in August 813
• New attack and kidnapping of captives in the warm winter of 813/814
• Crum prepares a final showdown with Constantinople in March 814. Death of Krum on 11 April 814
• The famous captive from the conquered Adrianople

Omurtag 822 - 831

• On the Structure of the State
• Omurtag's only war with Byzantium, peace treaties between Omurtag and Leo V
• The war in 814 according to Joseph Genesius
• The War of 814 according to Skilitsa and Kedrin
• The war in 814 according to the Continuator of Theophanes
• Comment
• Oath-taking ceremonies at the conclusion of the 30-year peace treaty in 814
• Text of the 30-year peace treaty. The southern border of Bulgaria in 814
• Confirmation of the annual peace treaty in 820
• The Peace of Omurtagh
• Omurtag helped Michael to suppress the rebellion of Thomas the Slav in 820 - 823
• War on the Dnieper
• Slavic peoples renounce the alliance with the Bulgarians and side with the Franks in 819
• Omurtag sent envoys to Emperor Ludwig
• The Bulgarians appointed their governors in Pannonia in 827
• The Bulgarians ravaged Upper Pannonia in 828

Malamir 831 - 836
Presian 836 - 852

• War with the Smolyans
• Attitudes towards the Western Slavs
• Return of citizens of Adrianople captured by Krum to Macedonia in 836
• Bulgarian-Serbian relations, Presian lost a war with young Serbia in 840

Boris or John-Michael 852 - 888, 893

• Peace with Byzantium
• Attempt of the Kievan Russians to help the opponents of Christianity
• The war with the Croats in 874
• Relations with the peoples of Central Europe
• Relations with Serbia under Tsar Boris
• Conversion of the unbaptized Bulgarians
• The conversion according to "The Miracle of St. George and the Bulgarian"
• Conversion according to John the Baptist
• The Conversion according to the Continuator of Theophanes
• The Conversion according to the Chronicle of Leo the Grammarian
• The Conversion according to Nestor
• The Conversion according to the Annals of Manassiy
• Foreign Bishops in Danube Bulgaria
• Roman Bishops in Bulgaria
• The German Bishops in Bulgaria
• Greek Bishops in Bulgaria
• Nevertheless, why did Boris make Christianity the state religion?
• Beginning of the Magyar invasion of Europe
• Relations with the Germans
• Relations with the Pannonian Slavs, Arnulf allied with the Bulgars against Svetopolk in 883
• Where did the Magyars come from before they conquered their present lands?
• Magyars and Germans liquidate Svetopolk's state in Moravia

Cyril and Methodius

• How, after 400 years of Turkish yoke, did interest in the fate of our first teachers awaken?
• Rulers and important dates
• Origin of the brothers
• The Alphabet
• Cyril
• Education
• Proposal for a senior government post
• Lecturer in Constantinople
• The dispute with the iconoclasts
• Mission to Baghdad in 851
• Methodius governor of the Slavic province 836 - 851
• The Khazar Mission 852
• Working on the Slavonic writing with Methodius in Olympus, Asia Minor 853 - 863
• The Moravian Mission 864 - 867
• The dispute in Venice in 868
• Rome 868 - 869
• The Deeds of The Brothers in the Czechia
• Methodius
• Which books were translated by Constantine and Methodius?
• The language of translations

Simeon 891 - 927

• Youth
• Structure of the Bulgarian State under Simeon
• Moving the market from Constantinople to Thessaloniki and the war between Bulgarians and Romans in 894 - 896
• The War according to the Continuator of Theophanes
• War according to Herman of Augia
• The War according to the Fulda Chronicles
• War according to the Continuator of George Monk
• The war according to Constantine Porphyrogenites
• The war according to Bulgarian sources
• The conquest of the Bulgarian vassal principalities on the Tisza and the Transylvania by the Hungarians
• The tactics of the Hungarians in their war against Bulgaria
• Thessaloniki captured by Arabs during Bulgarian raids in 904, Bulgarian borders reach Thessaloniki and the Adriatic
• Oleg besieges Constantinople with 2000 ships and cavalry in 907
• Unsuccessful negotiations for the return of the Byzantine captives in 908
• Simeon's campaign against Constantinople in 913
• New war with Byzantium in 914 - 915
• Byzantium negotiates with the Pechenegs for war against the Bulgars in 914
• The first conquest of Adrianople by Tsar Simeon in 915
• The Bulgarian army at the Corinth Strait in 915
• The Bulgarian army conquered the Thessaloniki and Dracca region in 915
• Defeat of the Byzantine army at Anchialos on 6.VIII.917
• Defeat of the Byzantine army at Catassirti in late August, early September 917
• Serbia - Province of Bulgaria
• The march of the Bulgarians to the suburbs of Constantinople in 921 - 922
• Second conquest of Adrianople by Tsar Simeon 921 - 922
• Simeon in the city of Viza 922 - 925
• Tsar Simeon's meeting with Emperor Romanus Lakapin in 924
• Croatia independent of Bulgaria
• Bulgarians on the Volga River converted to Islam in 922
• The death of Simeon in May 927
• Simeon and his brother Michael - founders of the national education system of Bulgaria

Tsar Peter, 926 - 30 January 969

• Peace with Byzantium, the wedding of the century between Peter and Mary on 8.X.827
• The legendary Bojan
• The rebellion of Ivan, the brother of King Peter, in 928
• Formation of the Serbian state in 928
• The rebellion of Michael, brother of King Peter, in 930. The Splitting of Bulgaria
• Bulgarian queen Maria goes to Constantinople with her children in August 931
• Raids of the Magyars in Roman land in 934 and 943
• Constantine VII Porphyrogenites sends a message to the Bulgarians in 945
• New attack of the Magyars in 962
• Peace between Bulgarians and Franks
• Peter's Church Policy and the Growing Byzantine Influence in Bulgaria

The war of the Kievan Russians with Bulgaria. Occupation of Eastern Bulgaria by the Russians

• Kievan Rus repeatedly attacked Constantinople and destroyed Khazaria
• Kievan Rus conquered northeastern Bulgaria in 968
• New peace treaty between Byzantium and Bulgaria
• War of Byzantines and Bulgarians against Russians and Bulgarians in Southern Bulgaria
• The war of Byzantium against the Kievan Rus in Northeastern Bulgaria, conquest of Preslav
• Volga Bulgaria successfully repels Kievan Rus'
• The wars of Russians and Bulgarians on the Volga
• The Mongols conquered Volga Bulgaria in 1223
• The Rus conquered Volga Bulgaria in 1590

The war of Byzantium with Western Bulgaria, Samuel

• Civil war in Byzantium from 976 to 988
• Samuel comes to power
• Victory of Samuel at Ihtiman Pass on 17.8.986
• Samuel captures Verea, west of Thessaloniki
• Samuel led successful battles to Thessaloniki in 996
• Larissa in the hands of Samuel
• Samuel loses the Battle of the River Alamana
• The wedding of Samuel's daughter to the captured Ashot, Drach is taken by treachery
• Plovdiv again in the hands of Byzantium in 1001
• Preslav and Pliska again in the hands of Byzantium in 999
• Ber and Servia again in the hands of Byzantium in 1000
• Voden again into the hands of Byzantium
• Vidin in the hands of Byzantium 1002, Samuel plunders the fair in Adrianople
• Defeat at Vardar, Skopje falls
• Unsuccessful siege of Pernik in 1004
• Samuel's defeat at Belasitsa on 29 July 1014
• Fall of Melnik, Pelagonia, Prilep and Shtip
• New uprising in Voden and its suppression in 1015
• Conquest of Mughlen and Enotia
• Samuel's son - Gavril Radomir - became tsar on 15.IX.915
• Death of the last Bulgarian king Ivan Vladislav, capture of Ohrid
• Taking of Strumica and Boyana, the siege of Pernik
• Again Russians fought on the side of Byzantium against Bulgaria in 1017
• Administrative Structure of Conquered Bulgaria
• First Charter of Basil II of 1019
• Second Charter of Basil II of 1020
• Third Charter of Basil II of 1020
• Decree of Basil II against the Bulgarians

Uprisings against Byzantium

• Peter Delyan 1040
• Georgi Manyac
• The Pechenegs in Bulgaria
• Uzi in Bulgaria
• The Revolt of Georgi Vojtech 1071

The rebellion of Asen and Peter in 1187. Liberation of Bulgaria

• Account of Georgi Acropolit
• Account of Theodore Scutariot
• Information of Nikita Honyat
• Restoration of Bulgarian culture
• Ivanko, the murderer of Assen

Chronology

• Before Christmas
• First Century
• Second Century
• Third Century
• Fourth Century
• Fifth Century
• The Sixth Century
• The Seventh Century
• The Eighth Century
• The Ninth Century
• The Tenth Century
• The Eleventh Century
• The Twelfth Century

Constantinople

• Pontus, Propontus, Cimmerian Bosporus, Thracian Bosporus, Bosporus
• The Cherson Bosphorus
• Constantinople
• The Thracian marketplace Byzopol or Byzantium
• Byzantium becomes a Roman city
• Byzantium became the capital of Constantine the Great in 324
• The Old Wall of Byzantium
• The Wall of Tiberius 14 - 37
• The Wall of Theodosius 413
• Anastasius, the Long or Thracian wall 512
• The Iron Chain through the Golden Horn
• Million
• The foundation of Heraclea
• The Founding of Adrianople
• The foundation of Thessaloniki
• The surroundings of Constantinople

Old measurement units

• Time
• Roman and Byzantine Emperors
• Weight
• Monetary units
• Length

Literature